托福阅读中逻辑关系是怎样引导的呢

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托福阅读中逻辑关系是怎样引导的呢

托福阅读文章逻辑关系首要种：因果关系

因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with

果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly

因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。

隐性因果：

A 导致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.

在这段话中，有lead to, 表示了导致的意思，即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。

B 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to

如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”

在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。

C 反映，体现(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

This result demonstrates that…

D 考虑到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.

E 依赖于: rely on, depend on, resort to,

He resorted to books when he had problems.

F 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long as

As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.

G 分词短语，不定式做状语

Failing in the final exam, she cried.

托福阅读文章逻辑关系第二种：对比转折关系

A 对比：while, whereas, on the other hand

在解释句子题，插入句子题中，一旦出现对比关系，学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构，on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用来把握句间关系。

B 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

托福阅读文章逻辑关系第三种：比较关系

A 同级比较 as…as

B 比较级：more…than, -er than, less…than

C 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop,prress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差异：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over

F 特出级

1)本身有特出级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

2) 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

3) 否定+比较=特出级

No one is more outstanding than him.

从这句话中可以看出，否定加比较表示的是一种特出级关系。

托福阅读文章逻辑关系第四种：否定关系

显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither

隐形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-

否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。

双重否定托福阅读词汇：not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable

双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式，由于在平时中文对话中用的很少，随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。

托福听力练习对照文本

Now let's focus on comics in the 1950's.

现在让我们集中在二十世纪五十年代的漫画上。

Early in the decade sales were down, so publishers started looking for some new angle to get their readers interested again.

在(五十年代的)早期，(漫画)销量下滑，于是出版商开始寻找一些新的角度来让他们的读者重新感兴趣。

They found what they were looking for with horror comics, stories about ghosts and demons that were often graphically violent.

他们发现所寻找的，关于惊险连环漫画的，关于幽灵和恶魔故事的，通常都是鲜明的暴力的。

Before long, most of the major publishers were printing horror comics, but it all came to an end a few years later.

不久，绝大多数的大出版商都在印刷惊险连环画，但在几年之后这一切都结束了。

You see, there was a psychologist named Frederic Wertham who claimed that comic books, the horror books in particular, were a bad influence on children and turned them into juvenile delinquents.

你看，有一个叫Frederic Wertham的心理学家声称，漫画书，尤其是惊险连环画，对孩子是一个坏的影响，并且把他们变成了少年犯。

Wertham even wrote a book called Seduction of the Innocent that showed specific scenes from comics that he thought were a particularly bad influence on kids.

Wertham甚至写了一部书叫做Seduction of the Innocent(纯真的诱惑)，展示了他认为是一个对孩子影响特别恶劣的来自漫画的特殊场景。

Wertham wasn't the only one down on comics.

Wertham并不是仅此一个反对漫画的。

The United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency also released a report very critical of comics.

关于青少年犯罪的美国参议院附属委员会也发布了一个报告，对漫画表示谴责。

The result of all this fuss was the creation of the Comics Code Authority in 1955.

所有的这些争论的结果是，在1955年，漫画准则管理局的创立。

This is a self-censoring body created by the publishers.

这个是由出版商建立的自我检查的主体。

Essentially, for a comic book to be approved by the code;it had to be free of the blood and gore that was usually depicted in most horror comics, and evil could never triumph over good.

基本上，对于要经过“准则”批准的一部漫画书，它必须是没有通常大部分惊险连环画所描述的血腥的，而且邪恶的永远不能战胜好的。

Children had to be shown that crime did not pay.

孩子们必须被告知犯罪得不偿失

Well, if comic sales were bad in 1950, things got even worse in 1955.

好吧，如果漫画销售在1950年不好，事情到了1955就更糟糕了。

Many small publishers actually went out of business.

许多小出版商最终停业了。

But the industry rebounded by introducing a new lineup of superheroes, characters like Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four.

但是(漫画)工业回升了，是由于介绍了一个新的超级英雄的阵容，像蜘蛛侠和神奇四侠一样的角色。

Now, I've brought with me today some comic books from this era to pass around.

现在，我今天带来了一些来自这个时期的漫画书来传看一下。

They're from my own personal collection, so please be extra careful when handling them.

它们来自我自己的个人收藏，所以请在触摸的时候格外小心。

托福听力练习对照文本

Well, if there are no more questions, I would like to continue our discussion of human evolution by looking at Homo erectus, the earliest of our ancestors who stood upright.

好，如果没有更多问题的话，我想继续我们人类进化的讨论，通过看看直立人，最早的，我们直立的祖先。

Homo erectus lived about one and a half million years ago and was given that name because, at the time the first fossil was discovered, it represented the first primate to stand upright.

直立人生活在150万年前，之所以得名是因为，在那时首要个化石被发现， 它代表了首要个直立的灵长类动物。

There is evidence now that Homo erectus had sharper mental skills than their predecessors.

现在，有证据(表明)直立人比他们的前辈有着更聪明的心智技能。

They constructed the first standardized tool for hunting and butchering.

他们为狩猎和屠宰制造了首要个标准的工具。

They created an extraordinary stone implement, a large teardrop-shaped hand ax whose design and symmetry reveal a keen sense of aesthetics.

他们创造了一种非同凡响的石器，一个大的泪珠形状的手斧，它的设计和对称性显示了一个敏锐的审美感觉。

This detailing, along with the ax's utilitarian value, strongly suggests that Homo erectus had the ability to conceive of and execute a design to specification.

这个细节设计，同斧子的实用价值一起，强烈暗示了直立人有能力去设想并执行一个设计规范。

In addition, Homo erectus was the first hominid to use fire.

另外，直立人是首要种使用火的原始人类。

This discovery enticed them to cook meat, which they could flavor and keep from spilling by flame, and which paleontologists now believe may have given them a new disease.

这种发现诱使他们去烹肉，这样他们能加味于(肉)并且阻止火焰的散落，而且古生物学者现在相信那(煮肉)带给他们(直立人)一种新的疾病。

Some fossil bones of Homo erectus are grossly deformed, and paleontologists have noted that this condition is similar to that found in people today who have been exposed to chronic overdoses of vitamin A.

一些直立人的骨头化石是非常畸形的，古生物学者已经注意到这种情况同今天发现的长期过量接触维生素A的人是相似的。

Apparently Homo erectus first got this disease by eating large amounts of animal liver.

很显然，直立人起首得这种病是通过食用大量动物肝脏(造成的)

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